Orchestral and Chamber Music in the Twentieth Century

At the turn of the twentieth century, such typical musical institutions as orchestras, chamber groups, and opera companies all reflected a primary commitment to the Western European concert music tradition [see Overview of Music in the United States p. 519; Concert Music at the End of the Nineteenth Century, p. 554]. The few American composers who held academic posts—for example, John Knowles Paine (1839–1906) and Horatio Parker (1863–1919), who taught at Harvard and Yale respectively—had...