Chaghāna

Chaghāna (Pers., Turk.), Turk. *percussion stick that was adopted by European military bands as Jingling Johnnie. According to Farmer, the word chaghāna was known in the 13th c., when it denoted the crotal. As a percussion stick, it was surmounted by a crescent and other symbols, from which bells, jingles, and generally 2 horsehair tails were suspended. Sachs pointed to a parallel among Chou dynasty (1122-255 B.C.) conductors, whose custom it was to signal the start of the music by lifting a…